Ermo Essay Example for Free

Ermo EssayErmo, directed by Zhou Xiaowen in 1994, takes place in the 1980s when China first began to actively accept the concept of globalization. Ermo, where the human action character as the strong-willed wife of an emasculated husband (Tang 654), explores the issues of being a matriarch as well as an individual with her own interests and inclinations. Comp ard with tralatitious Chinese women who were relegated to taking care of the household, Ermo is drastically different because she is the unmatched who attends to the financial needs of her family by selling twisty noodles. Although she is a poor, peasant woman whose career revolves around the responsibilities of taking care of of her family, Ermo harbors secret ambitions which she longs to someday achieve. Fueled by her ambitions, Ermo works day and night to fulfill her aims even as she attends to her loved ones needs. Her characteristic as responsible matriarch can also be seen when she risks her health by selling larg e quantities of her blood in fellowship to earn quick money. In the film, ein truth action that Ermo takes is a result of her free will she is not forced or coerced to do so.Everything that she does, she does for the love of her family. The female person lead in the movie is willing to do anything to support her family, which is a marked characteristic of contemporary Chinese films. The role of Ermo is a strong dismissal from the traditional roles of women in Chinese society. Ermos profession is examined in two ways Noodle seller during the day and noodle maker during the night. In the very beginning of the film, the shot shows her as a noodle-seller on the street, peddling bunches of twisty noodles that she herself made.She yells mai mahua mian lou (twisty noodle for sale) (Ciecko 2) constantly. This scene particularly emphasizes her profession and skills for selling twisty noodles. There are also several close-up shots of her foot while she is making noodle dough. Ermo kneads fl our with her feet, and she does it expertly, never dropping any of flour. This shot makes a statement as to the good skills her work requires and the passion and dedication with which Ermo does her job. While generally regarded as a lowly job, it is actually a very demanding job requiring sophisticated skills.The opportunity to engage a rewarding career among Chinese women is a fairly recent development because the women in China never had the opportunity to choose their job. Ermos desire can be read in various ways desire for a better life, desire for a fulfilling sexual relationship, and desire for self-determination. Ermos invite for a new life with a Blindman, the richest guy in the town after an amorous night halfway between town and village, expresses her desire to desire and constitutes an stir revision of reality (Tang, 668).This satisfies both her sexual desire and desire for better life. She also desires for having the biggest TV in her town, which at first may seem ma terialistic, that may actually be construed for her need to achieve and be acknowledged for her accomplishments. Although she says that she needs to buy the TV for her son so that he does not possess to go to their neighbors house to watch, it is really her own aspiration to show people who she really is.Based on strong Confucian society, Chinese women have been traditionally relegated to the sidelines, but as China begins to open itself to changes, so do Chinese women begin to evolve and come out into their own. As examined above, the primaeval events in Ermo reflect a new stage in the development of contemporary Chinese society (Tang, 663). As portrayed in this modern Chinese film, women are able to attend to their family without necessarily having to sacrifice their own dreams and ambitions in the process.

Biodiversity and Ecosystem Essay Example for Free

Biodiversity and Ecosystem Essaya. Round 1 = In this pear-shaped I removed lichens from the ecosystems. This would have a huge effect on the ecosystem because they play a role in the creation of soil where plants obtain nutrients. If they are taken out it send away match trees and flowers which affect bees, because they depend on them. This also effect humans that depend on the bees for erotic love and the fruit that the bees help pollinate. b. Round 2 = In this round humans was removed. By removing humans there was a little effect on the ecosystem. We are the top of the food chain and, but our actions do to a greater extent than damage and then good for the environment.c. Round 3 = In this round bees was removed. This is a huge problem in todays environment and cause the pollination of plants. Because of the removal of bees it really affects the ability of plants to produce fruits, which allow humans food. d. Round 4 = In this round flowers was removed. This was an affec ts to the ecosystem because flowers deliver food for bees. Bees provide honey and pollinate plants. Because of the removal of flowers it eventually removes bees which effect humans and the food chain. 2.Provide one action we as humans engage in that leads to the extinction of all(prenominal) of these components. Action affecting Lichens = Humans affect lichens with air pollution, industrialization and the introduction of sulphur dioxide can kill lichens. (Air Quality and Lichens, 2014) Action affecting Trees = Humans abbreviate down trees to use for lumber, and to expand. This deforestation is the largest way for humans to affect trees. Action affecting Flowers = The way humans are affecting the flowers is by over tribe and polluting the air with automobiles that can produce acid rain.Action affecting Bees = The actions that humans take to affect bees is by destroying habitats, 3. Provide three specific actions that humans can take to minimize our impact on the ecosystem and ensu re the survival of lichens, trees, flowers, and bees. Action 1 = Humans can reduce the amount of pollution that produced by apply more efficient automobiles and existence transportation. Action 2 = Humans can reduce the amount of pollutants the produce by using more efficient automobiles and public transportation.Action 3 = The other action they can do to minimize the impact on the ecosystem is to recycle this will save the need to destroy habitats for more resources. Experiment 1 Diversity of Plants Table 2 Number of Each Plant Species Present in Pot 1 and Pot 2 Species observed Number in Pot 1(sunlight) Number in Pot 2(shade) Zinnia 2 1 Marigold 2 2 Morning Glory 3 1 Cosmos 8 4 Ryegrass 3 2 Total Number of Species in Pot 18 10 POST LAB QUESTIONS 1. climb up a hypothesis on which pot you believe will contain the highest biodiversity.Hypothesis = I believe that the plants that are in the sun will spud the highest biodiversity. 2. Based on the results of your experiment, would y ou reject or own the hypothesis that you produced in question 1? Explain how you determined this. Accept/Reject = I accept my hypothesis because the flowers that I grew in the planter that I placed in the sun made the most flowers and different types. 3. If each pot was a model you found in a group of wildflowers, would you determine based on the diversity of flowers that the ecosystem is healthy?Why or why not. Answer = I was so impressed with the amount of flowers that grew in both environments. In my determination based on the diversity of flowers that the ecosystem is healthy. There was actually a lot of plants in both of the environment but of course the ones in the sunlight had a healthier ecosystem. 4. How does biodiversity contribute to the overall health of an ecosystem? Provide specific examples and utilize at to the lowest degree one scholarly resource to back your answer. Answer = Biodiversity is very important to the health of an ecosystem.The greater species diversi ty is it ensures natural sustainability for all life forms. It provides natural go such as soil protection, water resources, pollution breakdown, food, medical resources, and future resources, according to Shah (2014). She states Each species depends on the services provided by other species to ensure survival. It is a type of cooperation based on mutual survival and is often what a balanced ecosystem refers to(2014). Crops are used to feed cattle, then the cattle waste nourishes the crops.Crops, as well as yielding grain also yield straw , the straw provides constitutional matter and fodder, crops are therefore food sources for humans and animals then the soil and organisms such as bacteria and algae serve as nitrogen fixers. Rodents, then aerate the soil and improve its water-holding capacity Spiders, centipedes and insects grind organic matter from the surface soil and leave behind enriched droppings. This large biodiversity is accentual to maintaining health crops and animals for the food supply.

Satows Perception of the Meiji Revolution

Satows Perception of the Meiji RevolutionBetween 1853 and 1868, lacquerese society beneathwent a profound and violent societal, economic, and cultural upheaval, the likes of which it had not seen in everyplace 200 years. The legal opinion force government of Japan, the clan-pure Tokugawa monocracy and its ancient feudal system of governance, disintegrated under internal pressure to square away to meet the ch completelyenges of the industrial Age, embodied by foreign interests, particularly that of the United affirms and England, which used the terror of their military and technological superiority to force the Nipponese to accept trade agreements.In doing so, the maven-man rule wrote its final chapter and set the state for a return to reason of the Emperor, a quasi-religious impersonate which since the 1600s had been relegated to ceremonial duties as the spiritual godfather of Japan, while the Sho ordnance storeate and its samurai warrior culture administered the countr ys affairs. TheBritish Empire of the clip was preoccupied initially with wars with Russia and China, besides observed with keen interest the initial rumblings of discontent and reform inwardly Japan, precipitated by the bold moves of the United States to establish relations with Japan. Once the British wars had been concluded and the Statesns had done the proverbial dirty advance work of enterprise Japan up, the British established their own presence within Japan as it underwent a rapid societal metamorphosis. Over time, various representatives of foreign governments, around notably the eminent British interpreter and diplomat Ernest Satow, went beyond active interest to active involvement in the internal affairs of the Japanese transformation from Tokugawa tyranny rule to restoration of the power of the Emperor, lie withn as the Meiji revolution. Some of this involvement was self-serving and destructive some of it was noble, altruistic, and reflected a genuine appreciation a nd compassion for the Japanese and their unique, noble, and astonishingly complex culture. As with most chapters in history, it is often difficult to discern in retrospect where altruism and self-interest intersected and diverged the history of Japanswrenching insane asylum into the modern age is particularly messy, tho single more fascinating for being as much(prenominal).In order to explore this era, some chronological tale is of course required, but a strictly linear social structure is not necessarily the most effective way to approach the issues. Therefore, this dissertation will flip amid historical narrative and cultural explication, sometimes moving backwards and forwards in time, and indulging in anecdotal tangents as well as delvings into the personal histories of some of the players in question, all in hopes of painting a full and complex picture of the interlocking forces Japanese, American, and British, which turned this tiny country tiptop down in the short s pace of 15 years and set the stage for its rise to global power. (A full investigation of the Japanese relations with Russia, China, and the Dutch could easily comprise a dissertation of its own, but we will limit most of our focus here to the often tragic, but often edifying interaction of the Japanese with the two aforementioned Western powers.) Lastly, it is important to note that no exploration of Japans relations with the West during the Tokugama Shogunate /Meiji Revolution era, or some(prenominal) era for that matter, is complete without dwelling articulationally in details of Japanese culture, which are alternately arcane and compelling. Such moments will be interwoven with the historical narratives and observations as required.In 1854, the United States and Japan signed the Treaty of Kanagawa, which opened up Japan economically and culturally to the West for the first time. Up until this point in time, ancient Japanese law forbade trade with any foreign rural areas othe rwise than China and the Dutch, the latter of which were allowed to visit Japan twice a year to do furrow solely at the port of Nagasaki even then, the foreigners presence was confined to the small island of Deshima. The signing of the accord was a momentous occasion for both the United States and Japan, but it was not necessarily an egalitarian or mutually beneficial agreement, nor did both parties come to the signing ceremony of their own excuse will.Commodore Matthew Perry, representing the United States, essentially forced the Japanese into signing the pact by virtue of the threat of his heavily fortify four-warship fleet which arrived in Edo utter (Tokyosharbor Tokyo was known as Edo during Tokugawa Shogunate dynasty) aport forbidden to foreigners in July 1853 and refused to depart until the Japanese consented to enter into a trade and peace agreement amongst the two nations. Perry was acting under orders from the highest authority in the United States, his Commander i n Chief, President Millard Fillmore. Perry arrived bearing a letter fromPresident Fillmore to Emperor Kmei (who reigned from 1831-1867 and was the 121st imperial ruler of Japan). The letter was an eager one, and contained several passages full of obsequious languageI entertain the kindest feelings toward your majestys person and government, and that I exhaust no other object in sending CommodorePerry to Japan but to propose to your imperial majesty that the UnitedStates and Japan should live in friendship and have cornmercial intercourse with distributively other The Constitution and laws of the UnitedStates forbid all interference with the religious or political concerns of other nations. I have particularly charged Commodore Perry to abstain from e actually act which could possibly disturb the tranquility of your imperial majestys dominions We have directed Commodore Perry to beg your imperial majestys acceptance of a few presents. They are of no keen value in themselves, but some of them may serve as specimens of the articles manu detailured in the United States, and they are intended as tokens of our sincere and venerating friendship.(Fillmore, 1852)However, the letter in any case contained notable amounts of braggadocioregarding the economic and technological might at the disposal of theUnited States The territories of the United States of America reach from ocean to ocean, and our Territory of Oregon and State of calcium lie directly opposite to the dominions of your imperial majesty. Our steamships can go from California to Japan in eighteen days Our great State of California produces about sixty millions of dollars in gold every year, besides silver, quicksilver, precious stones, and many other valuable article America, which is sometimes called the New World, was first discovered and settled by the Europeans. For a long time, there were but a few people, and they were poor. They have now become quite numerous their commerce is very extensive. (F illmore, 1852)The subtext was clear. Though polite and solicitous to almost comic fault, Fillmore made it clear that it was in Japans best interests to cooperate with the United States in opening itself up to foreign trade, or Japan might meet the same fate as Mexico, which the United States had obliterated and territorially eviscerated in a precedent just four years prior to Perrys visit to Japan. To punctuate the subtext of his letter, Fillmore did not send Perry across thePacific Ocean in a yacht armed only with flowers Perry sailed into Yedo Bay with an unmistakable symbol of United States might, his state-of-the-art mini-fleet.Why the particular interest in Japan, a coitusly small nation? Itwas strategically located, a gateway to the Far tocopherol, and influence over/in, and/or control of Japan would greatly expand Americansmilitary and economic power. Japan was also a nation of important natural resources that could be used to feed the hungry monster of theWests burgeoning Industrial Revolution. As samurai scholar MarcelThach notes, after the village of China, the Western Powers America in particular turned their eye towards Japan and saw a country rich with coal deposits, one which they could colonize and attempt as they had China and other East Asian nations such as India.(Thach, 2002)The Japanese were initially unmoved by President Fillmores letter, leaving Commodore Perry to brood in the harbor with the expectation that he would simply tire and go home. This was not to be the case, further, as Perry quickly saw fit to turn up the proverbial heat on the Japanese by sending a letter of his own to the Emperor. In it, Perry reiterated some of the niceties expressed by President Fillmore, but then delivered some language of a level of candor to which the Japanese were not accustomedI hope that the Japanese government will see the essential of averting unfriendly collision between the two nations, by responding favourably to the propositions of ami ty, which are now made in all sincerity Many of the monstrous ships-of-war destined to visit Japan have not yet arrived in these seas, though they are hourly expected and the undersigned, as an evidence of his friendly intentions, has brought but four of the smaller ones, designing, should it become necessary, to return to Edo in the ensuing spring with a much larger force. (Perry, 7 July 1853)The Japanese remained unmoved, provoking Commodore Perrys temper. Diplomatic subtleties were abandoned, and on July 14, 1853, he delivered an imperious admonishment accusing the Japanese of a sin against God, in effect, and threatened to fire upon the harborYou have acted against shaper principles and your sin cannot be greater than it is If you are still to disagree we would then take up arms and inquire into the sin against the divine principlesWhen one considers such an occasion one will realize the victory will naturally ours. (Perry, 14 July 1853)At this juncture, the virulent and ingr ained xenophobia of the Japanese culture was forced to digest to common sense. The Japanese had no navy to speak of, and though Perrys four ships were unlikely to comprise enough force to cause the Japanese to comply, the threat of an imminent arrival of a bona fide armada induced the Japanese to capitulate and sign the accord of Kanagawa. (In the wake of the capitulation, the Japanese dispatched an order to their Dutch trading partners to commission the structure of a warship, which was named theKanrin-maru and was 49 meters in length, with 12 canons and three masts. It was delivered somewhat belatedly in 1857, but was put to good use as a military training vessel.)It is important to pause here to explicate the amorphous term the Japanese. At the time of Perrys arrival in Tokyo, Japan was indeed technically ruled by an Emperor, but he was largely a spiritual and traditional figurehead who wielded minimal political power. The locus of decision-making was controlled by a politica l boss shgun (which in Japanese mingys great general), a direct descendent of Tokugawa leyasu, who in1603 defeated rival warlords to bring a semblance of organizational coherence to a Japanese society dominated by the fractious conflicts between feudal warlords. (In fact, the Tokugawa Shogunate, as the organization came to be known, ruled in relative peace for the next 250 years in what was called the Edo Period, after the ancient name for the city of Tokyo.) From 1603 on, the chief shgun henceforth always carried the Tokugawa clan title, and retained power by executing rivals and replacing them with family members and trusted allies, who were forbidden to marry outside the Tokugawa clan and allowed to rule their individual local dominions with a relatively expel and arbitrary hand as long as they loyally served the chief shgun.Furthermore, all other shguns and feudal lords were forced to attend a grand assemblage in Tokyo / Edo every other year under the watchful eye of the To kugawas hgun, where loyalties were reinforced and tested, and suspected traitors ferreted out. Additionally, other lords were required to wait heirs or wives in Tokyo while they were administering to their duties in their respective feudal domains, which was some other powerful tool of the Tokugawa clan to maintain its control. A strict gradable caste system had also established by the Tokugawa Shogunate atop this pyramid was the infamous warrior class of the samurai, the subjects of much awe and reverence among Western cultures. down the stairs the samurai were farmers, artisans, and traders. Meanwhile, the Emperor himself resided in Kyoto, accompanied by a few servants and bureaucrats to tend to his ceremonial needs, but he exercised virtually no governing power at all.It was under this repressive cloak that the xenophobic culture ofJapan was cultivated and its restrictive trade policies enacted into law. The third in the Tokugawa shgun lineage, Tokugawa Iemitsu, established t he rules forbidding almost all foreign trade and interaction. Only inbound trading ships were permitted, and of the visitors, the Dutch and the Chinese were the only ones allowed. This was not merely an exercise in preserving Japanese culture purity, however. Tokugawa Iemitsu was keenly concerned with maintaining his clans power over the opposing feudal warlords, and he knew that cultural, religious, military, and economic influences from other countries could destabilize the already precarious balance of power.The economic and cultural modernization and maturation within the large cities was, by the nineteenth century, starting to create conflict within the caste system, which began to teeter under the weight of its own unflinching antiquity. This was the complex environment into which Commodore Perry sailed his four ships in July 1853 a paranoid, secretive, and warlike culture steeped in Byzantine traditions but also militarily and technologically steeped in the past, and there fore unable to defend its sovereignty. The forced signing of the agreement was the beginning of a long road of resentment towards the United States and the West that culminated in Japans attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941.In the immediate meantime, however, the Treaty of Kanagawa was finally signed on March 31, 1854 after Commodore Perrys return toJapan. It stipulated that the ports of Shimoda and Hakodate would be opened to American ships seeking supplies, that American sailors who had been shipwrecked would be rescued and well-treated, and agreed that an American consulate would be established in Shimoda for the purposes of negotiating a come on and more comprehensive trade agreement. This treaty was the beginning of a succession of agreements forced upon the Japanese that brought about a great influx of foreign investment, trade, and business into Japan, but the economic effects of this phenomenon were not all salutary. One such deleterious effect was massive inflation of the Japanese currency. The caste system under the Tokugawa Shogunate mandated a rigid system of taxation on the peasantry the taxes were fixed and not fairly tied to inflation or other economic vagaries, and then the taxes gathered by the rulingshguns fell steeply in the wake of the Treaty of Kanagawa, causing ironic clashes between the well-to-do running(a) class and their rulers.Arguably better warriors than macro-economists, the shgun were unable to curtail this inflation, and the resultant economic instability and hardships inflicted on the Japanese people caused a popular unrest that could not be quelled for very long, and fact led to civil war. By1867, the Shogunate had been overthrown in what became known as the Meiji Rebellion, which restored the Emperor to true power beyond the ceremonial, and brought about a thorough reform of the organization of Japanese government and society.One of the intermediary steps on the way to the weakening of the Shogunate and the restorat ion of the Emperors rule was another treaty between the United States, The Treaty of Amity and Commerce Between theUnited States and Japan, better known historically as the Treaty of Townsend Harris, named after the persistent American diplomat who persuaded the Japanese to sign it. As alluded to previously, the Treaty of Kanagawa had stipulated the creation of an American Consulate in Japan, which would open up negotiations on the specifics of trade negotiation. President Franklin Pierce, who had replaced President Fillmore in March 1853, dispatched Townsend Harris from New York in November 1855 to establish the Consulate and coax the Japanese into actual trade, not simply the intent to trade. Harris arrived in Shimoda in August 1856, having cannily brought along a Dutch-speaking secretary and interpreter named Henry Heuksen to facilitate the difficult and delicate nuances of discourse with the Japanese.However, the Japanese, in a typical stalling maneuver, asked Harris to leave an d return in a year. He refused the Japanese asked him to proceed to Nagasaki, which he declined to do then, in a final and rather creative attempt to rid themselves of Harris, they asked him to write a letter back to the President James Buchanan (who had succeeded Pierce in the November 1856 election) imploreing a cancellation of his diplomatic mission. The indefatigable Harris refused this request as well, and eventually the Japanese allowed him to set up an office at the port of Shimoda. Nonetheless, they continued to stonewall Harris by referring any request or question, whether trivial or consequential, to the Emperors palace in Edo.Harris demanded an hearing with the shgun in the capital, but over a year passed before Harris received licence to travel to Edo.Harris did not sit idly by, however he used the intervening time to cultivate favor and good will with the powers-that-were in Shimoda, the local members of the Tokugawa bafuku. (Bafuku is a Japanese word loosely trans lated to mean tent government and is an arm, during this historical period, of the Tokugawa Shogunate) Harris was well aware that the British had paid a visit to the Japanese in 1854 that did not go well and left field a bitter taste in the proverbial mouths of both parties. The British, mired in a conflict with the Russians that led to the Crimean War (1854-1856) had dispatched Sir James Stirling fromChina in 1855 to request that the Japanese deny Russian ships access to their ports and attempt to secure some sort of initial trade understanding with the Japanese. Stirling did conclude a treaty, but it was hopelessly vague and of limited utility, in part because of an incompetent translator (a hitch keenly noted by Harris) and was sent on his way. The British lurched from the Crimean War to the secondment OpiumWar with China in 1856, distracting them from immediate focus on Japan,but Harris correctly surmised it would only be a matter of time before the British turned their perpl exity to Japan again, and used it, albeit with some fictional license, as leverage in his negotiations against the Japanese.Despite managing to offend the chief shogun, the aged TokugawaIesada, and his Court by wearing shoes during his visit to the Palace in Edo in December 1857, Harris otherwise impeccable statesmanship impressed the Shogunate sufficiently that they gave their blessing for the treaty negotiations, and they gave allowance for Bakufu GrandCouncillor Hotta Masayoshi, with whom Harris had been negotiating, to continue working with Harris to complete the treaty. Harris immediately set to work convincing Masayoshi with a combination of exaltations of American good intentions and fears of an inevitable British arrival on Japanese soil which would demand treaty terms far less generous than that suggested by the American. Specifically, Harris preyed on the fears of the Japanese that the only thing standing between Japan and the imperial pressure of the British was their s oon-to-be-concluded war against China. The Japanese had long heldChina in a place of cultural reverence in the Far East and had been profoundly shocked at the relative ease with which the French and British were defeating the Chinese in the Second Opium War. Aware of this, naturally, Harris used it to his advantage. In his December 12, 1857 audience with Masayoshi, Harris had this to sayOn my way to Japan I met the English governor of Hong-Kong, JohnBowring, who told me that he was about to be appointed an ambassador to go to Japan, and I have received four letters from him since my arrival in Japan. Our conversation was of course private, but in his letters he discusses Japanese Government matters. He says he intends to bring with him a larger fleet than the Japanese have ever seen, and anchor at Yedo, Edo where the discussions will be carried on. He says also that Yedo is the only place to hold consultation with the Japanese that his object is, first, to get permission for a minis ter or agent of England to reside in Yedo, and, secondly, to get permission to carry on free trade at several places in Japan. If these two things are not granted war will be tell at once. The sending of this ambassador he says is delayed by the war in China. He said he would be in Yedo in the third month, but he has been detained by the war. (Harris, 1857)In another dramatic touch, Harris also asserted that the British intended to addict the entirety of the Japanese macrocosm to opiumIt appears that the English think the Japanese are fond of opium, and they want to bring it here also. If a man use opium once he cannot stop it, and it becomes a life-long habit to use opium hence the English want to introduce it into Japan. The President of theUnited States thinks that for the Japanese opium is more dangerous than war. (Harris, 1857)What Harris neglected to mention was that in truth, the British were anathemize to try to force an opening into Japan at this particular juncture in time. They had squandered vast military and political capital in rocking horse of their war with China, and there was domestic unrest to contend with as wellDespite popular perceptions of British imperialism at this period, official British policy was in fact against the use of force in opening up Japan and British Ministers were mindful of humanitarian considerations that might lead to criticism in Parliament. They instructed British representatives to avoid provocative acts and the threat or use of force. (Cortazzi, 1999)Nonetheless, Harris then went on to claim that the United States had studiously avoided joining Britain in the war against China, despite the fact that newly elected President Buchanan was a veteran diplomat and former Secretary of State who, in his former diplomatic position,and now, as President-elect, was actively working towards mending old grievances with Britain. Harris suggested that if the Japanese come to mutually satisfactory terms with the United State s, particularly with respect to the issue of opium trade Harris suggested that the Japanese could burn any opium which American traders might bring to ports in the future then in effect, the United States would form a defacto protective buffer between Japan and the European powers, and at the very least, treaty terms with Britain or France could be no worse for the Japanese than the benevolent terms of a treaty with the UnitedStates. In fact, the treaty proposed (in Article II) that in any dispute between Japan and European powers, the United States president would serve as mediator.Hotta Masayoshi was no fool, and despite the fact that the Shogunate had responded to Commodore Perrys presence by commissioning military vessels from its Dutch trading partners, Masayoshi knew the Japanese had little choice at this particular juncture in time but to accede toHarris terms. Negotiations on Treaty of Townsend Harris were concluded in February 1858 and the treaty was signed on July 29, 18 58.(Ironically, Commodore Perry died in New York City the same day.)Harris, never one to miss an opportunity for some patriotic public relations, ensured that the treaty was stipulated to take effect on July 4, 1859, on American Independence Day. Little did the Japanese know that they had taken another ominous step towards the erosion of their own cultural-economic independence.The treaty provided for the opening of four additional ports to American trading ships Kanagawa and Nagasaki, on July 4, 1859Niigata, on the January 1, 1860 and Hyogo, on the January 1, 1863 the port of Shimoda would be closed to American beginning in January 1860.Starting on July 4, 1862, Americans would also be allowed to take up residence in Edo. It provided for tariffs to be employ to American goods imported into Japan and exported to the United States, and forbade the trade of opium between the Unites States and Japan. The tariffs unsurprisingly favored imported American products with a five percent t ax on most goods and raw materials. The treaty stipulated that this tariff was fixed until the treaty came up for revision and renegotiation in 1872, sowing the seeds for the economic instability, alluded to above, that led to the downfall of the Shogunate. In particularly surprising concession, the treaty stipulated that Americans in Japan would be allowed free exercise of their religious beliefs, which extended to permission to construct places of worship. This was a significant break with Japanese tradition, which had long been steeped with anger towardsChristianity. In fact, Christianity was essentially forbidden, andHarris had taken a considerable personal risk by making a show of his Christian beliefs when he visited the Shogunate in Edo in 1858.Despite a clause in the treaty that seemed to forbid Christian proselytizing (The Americans and Japanese shall not do anything that may be calculated to agitate religious animosity (Article VII), the influx of Christianity into the J apanese homeland was deeply offensive to many traditionalist and contributed to the erosion of support for the Shogunate.Another interesting stipulation of the treaty is that diplomatic envoys from Japan would be sent to the United States for the purposes of cultural exchange and for a formal treaty-signing ceremony. Three Japanese were selected for the journey Shimmi Masaoki, the senior ambassador, who was only 35 years of age Oguri Tadamasu, who carried the title of official inspector for the diplomatic mission andMurgaki Norimasa, who kept a detailed diary of the delegations visit.Each were samurai warriors, consistent with the ruling class from which they came, and knew next to nothing of American culture or the peculiarities of Western culture, much less the American governmentfor example, the Japanese found it bizarre that the Americans had done for(p) through three elected leaders in a peaceful transition of power between the time Commodore Perry had paid his infamous visit a nd the Japanese delegation left to visit the United States. In an attempt to show strength and regal power, the three Japanese did not travel alone their troupe numbered 77, including six cooks, 51 guards and servants, three doctors, and three interpreters. It was quite a showcaseOn February 13, 1860, the ambassadors and their staff sailed from Yokohama with 50 tons of Japanese baggage (including the treaty in its special box), 100,000 readily negotiable Mexican dollars, and a large supply of Japanese food. Appropriately, perhaps, the vessel that carried them from Japan to San Francisco was the navy frigate Powhatan, one of the steam-powered paddle-wheelers Perry had employed inopening Japan. (Finn, 2002)The America into which the Japanese were received in May 1860, was teetering on the precipice of a civil war which would forever alter its destiny, mirroring the dark seeds of revolution which were germinating back home in Japan. To say that the Japanese experienced culture shock w as an understatement it was a precursor to the shocks that would reverberate through Japanese culture in their homeland due to the floodgates of impertinent Western cultural influence that were being opened by the Harris Townsend Treaty that the Japanese envoys signed with President Buchanan on May 18.Upon their return home in November 1860, the Japanese delegation was greeted coolly, as the elements in the Shogunate that had authorize the treaty had begun to fall from favor. Murgaki Norimasa and ShimmiMasaoki received promotions but were soon forced into retirement.Oguri Tadamasu went on to become a powerful military leader for theShogunate, but he refused to accept their downfall and the eventual re-ascension of the Emperor he and his son were executed in 1868.The interior procedure of Japanese political and cultural power was a tumultuous mess by the time the delegation returned to Japan. The Tokugawa Shogunate had splintered into two warring factions due to the fray regardin g the signings of the two treaties with the UnitedStates and fears of imminent meddling by the British into Japanese affairs. Tokugawa Iesada had become an old and infirm man and was barely able to carry out his duties during the negotiations over the Townsend Harris Treaty. Compounding the fractious debate over whether or not to agree to the treaty was a struggle brewing over who would succeed Iesada, as Iesada had no natural heir. The two leading contenders were Tokugawa Yoshinobu (aka Keiki), and a 12-year old boy, the Daimyo of Kii. In an attempt to solidify the ebbing power of the Tokugawa clan and to end the debate over the the treaty signings, the latter of which he had brokered, Hotta Masayoshi broke with precedent and traveled to Kyoto to visit Emperor Komei to seek his approval for the Harris Treaty and for the ascension of the Daimyo of Kii to head the Shogunate. Unfortunately for Hotta, his gamble backfired. TheEmperor communicated his lugubriousness with the treaties an d refused to offer his support for Tokugawa Yoshinobu / Keiki. Hotta was humiliated and was replaced in April 1858 by Ii Naosuke, who was appointedTokugawa Regent, making him the effective military leader of Japan and head of the shogun council.Ii immediately approved the Townsend Harris Treaty, effectively snubbing the Emperor, which caused a widespread rebellion amongst Imperial Japanese loyalists who literally revered the Emperor as a god and who viewed action against his wishes to be a mortal sin.Undaunted, Ii then proceeded to arbitrarily appointed the boy Daimyo of Kii as the Shogunate heir, spawning a massive rebellion. Those who opposed his sanctioning of the Treaty and/or his date of theShogunate heir were executed en masse, in a bloodbath dubbed the AnseiPurge. Being of tender age, naturally, the Daimyo of Kii who assumed the name Tokugawa Iemochi was unable to assert his sovereign will or assume his duties, leaving Ii firmly entrenched in power, or so he thought. His r ule did not last long he was decollate by anti-foreigner, pro-Emperor elements in March 1860. After Ii was assassinated, Tokugawa Yoshinobu, who had been Tokugawa Iemochisearlier rival for the position of Shogun, assumed effective control of the Shogunate by assuming a position of power similar to the one held by Ii and Hotta before him. After Tokugawa Iemochis death in 1866, Tokugawa Yoshinobu assumed the official ceremonial title and power of Shogun. He was to be the fifteenth and last Shogun in Japanese history.Certainly, the arrival of the Americans and the treaties they forced upon the Shogunate were a leading cause of their downfall, but the Shogunate was already weakening under its own antiquated weight by the time Commodore Perry arrived in Japan in 1853. Though very stable and consistent, the philosophy and structure of the Shogunate government was change-averse to a fault it was 200 years old, and had simply outlived its usefulnessThe simple concept of the division of cla sses into rulers, warriors and commoners had little relation to Japan of the 19th century with its teeming cities, rich merchants, restless samurai, and discontent peasantry Despite the division of the land into a large number of feudal fiefs, the people had developed a strong sense of national consciousness. The growth of nationalism and the development of a modern commercial economy had made Japan ready for the more efficacious political forms of the modern nation. (Norman, 1940)To some degree, the nationalism of the Japanese was reflective of the psychology of isolation, i.e., the Japanese,

The Sand Mining In Kalu Ganga Environmental Sciences Essay

The grit Mining In Kalu Ganga Environmental Sciences Essay01. Kalu Ganga considered as one of the major river in Sri Lanka. It started from Idikatupana in Samanala Mountain and fired at Kalutara. It is 126 Km long and covered Sbaragamuwa and Western Providences including Ratnapura, Horana and Kalutara.02. Kalu Ganga is one of the most important Rivers in Sri Lanka which receives very high-pitched rainfalls and has higher discharges. Due to its hydrological and topographical characteristics, the turn away flood plain suffers from frequent floods and it affects socio-economic profile greatly.03. Kalu Ganga basin is the second largest river basin in Sri Lanka covering 2766 km2 and much of the catchment is located in the highest rainfall land of the country, which reflects the high annual rainfall. The annual rainfall in the basin is averaged to 4000 mm and leads to 4000 million m3 of annual flow.04. Indiscriminate river gritrock mine in Sri Lanka has caused a number of environment al conundrums such as wear of river banks, destruction of bridges and tracks, sea water intrusion to the coconut and paddy lands, and harm of river water quality used for intoxication and bathing. However, despite the concerns of authorities and environmental groups, spine dig is continuing at an alarming rate as miners and other(a) beneficiaries still appreciate the private gainfulness at the expense of long-term environmental costs.05. On the other hand, blanket recommendations to banning of river moxie dig lead to loss of income opportunities of the batch, who involved in unhomogeneous activities related to smooth mining, and ontogenesis the construction costs.CHAPTER 2AIM01. The aim of this paper is to convince the reader to impact of sand mining affect on the Kalu River and problems occurred due to sand mining activities.Statement OF PROBLEM02. With the incensement of the constriction works in Western and Sbaragamuwa provinces annual requirement of sand is incr eased. In order to take the required demand, sand mining activities also increased in Kalu River. These sand mining activities argon caused number of environmental and social problems. Some of these problems are erosion of river bank, sea water intrusion to the agriculture lands and loss of habitant, problem and destruction of road and bridges, and deteriorations of quality of potable water. Due to excessive sand mining activities this problem also increases rapidly.RESEARCH HYPOTHESES03. By reducing sand mining activities can be reducing the damage to the environment, save capital for repairing and construction of new road net work and brigs. It is also can up lift social condition of the people who living in these areas.METHODOLOGY04. This study exiting be based on in micturateation gathering class government organization and, people who presently living affected areas and documentary sources.05. Primary source of collection of information was based on documentary source s including publications, tidingspaper articles and information were taken by surfing through the Internet.06. Secondary source Data obtained from Ministry of Environmental and geological Survey and Mining Bureau, Visiting to people living in kalu River area. Data obtained from irrigation department.SCOPE OF THE STUDY07. The scope of the study covers the affect of environment and social problem, because of sand mining activities in Kalu River.STRUCTURE OF THE PAPER08. The paper will be structured as followsa. Chapter I. The first chapter will contain the introduction to the paper.b. Chapter II. The second chapter will contain the Methodology of the study and will comprise of the following(1) Aim(2) Statement of the Problem(3) Research hypothesis(4) Scope of the study(5) Method of data collection(6) Structure of the paperc. Chapter III.Back groundd. Chapter IV.Datae. Chapter V.Analysisf. Chapter VI.Conclusion and recommendationOBJECTIVES09. General Objectives To analyze the social and environmental affect and by introducing alternative methods to minimize sand mining activities, to reduce social and environmental are issues.10. Specific ObjectivesTo analyze what are the problem mainly affected because of sand mining.To analyze how these problems effected to people in this areas.To analyze how these problems effected to government.To introduce suitable solution for the reduce sand mining activities in Kalu River.DATA arrangement METHODS11. Visiting sand mining site (licensed and illegal) in Kalutara and Ratnapura district.12. Data obtained from Ministry of Environmental and geological Survey and Mining Bureau.13. Visiting to people living in kalu River area.14. Books, News papers, Internet, etc.LIMITATIONS15. The time available to conduct this research will be only 3 months. The length of the paper will be limited to 5000 words, and it will not be possible to collect data from all the reliable sources.Area of research16. This research was conducted in Kaluta ra district covering mast of the areas of sand mining taking palace in Kalu River. The area included Kalutara to Ingiriya along the Kalu River.CHAPTER 3BACK GROUND01. The demand required for sand construction works indoors the country is more than five million cubic meters or eight million ton of sand mine and sold per family. This sand quantity determine nearly 16 billion. This high demanding for market of sand led to mining the sand significantly in most of the areas of Kalu River. Not only the deposited sand mining, river wrinkle sand mining as well as river bank sand removal also increased. The river sand mining highly affect to the infixed counterweight of the Kalu River.02. There are some other important rivers in Sri Lanka also facing to this environmental and social problem in various scales. It is estimated that sand mining in Kalu River has increased by three times in last few years. Over mining in the river causes many problems like deteriorations of quality of drin king water supply due to sea water intrusion to the Kalu River, collapse of river bank and loss of river land. Considering the importance factors of scientific assessment on the environmental debasement consequent to unsystematic sand mining, an effort has made in this research study to recognize remedial and environmental impacts in Kalu River basin due to sand mining.03. rachis mining is continuing to be a major environment hazard in many parts of Sri Lanka especially due to the unprecedented increase in demand to the civil contraction activities in the infrastructure and ho development sector.04. Substitute for river sand is sea sand which available in the market. However persistence prefers river sand due to problems of salinity and the need to dry sea sand to reduce deleterious material. Anther substitute is crashed quartzite rock (impure are from silica) available in form of ridges especially in the hill country as well as Polonnaruwa and Dambulla area.05. This issue as high lighted in this paragraph is the question of who is legislatively authorized to pose the mining of river sand. In this content I shall quote from the cost conservation Act No 57 of 1991. Costal zone is defined as the area lying with in a limited of three hundred meters land wards of mean high water line and limit of two kilo Meters onshore from the mean low water line.06. In cause of river, streams, or any other body of water connected to the sea either permanently or periodically the landward boundary extended to limit of two kilo Meters measured perpendicular to the straight base line drown between natural entrance point and includes water of such river, streams and lagoons or any other body of water so connected to the sea.07. Under mines and mineral Act NO 33 of 1992 the Geological survey and mines bureau (GSMB) could also issue sand mining permits in the foreshore or sea bed with in the sand mining with in the meaning of crown land ordinance (chapter 454) with the approval of the minister of cost conservation. This act was amended by Act NO 66 Geological survey and mines bureau in 2009.08. There are some ambiguities related to the regulation of activities in the costal zone and river bank as well as beds. However it must be stressed that all mining activities should be under the Mines Bureau administration by the mines and mineral Act.CHAPTER 4DATA boon SITUATIONMethod of sand mining01. There are three method used for sand mining. smoothen mining near to river bankSand mining in depth water (5 ft to 10 ft)using sand mining bucket with rod (Bonderi method)Sand mining in river bed using boats02. Considering these there methods, sand mining using boats was prominent in Kalu River. This method was mostly affected for the mining sand in Kalu River. This was through with(p) by following sequence.Bring the boat to places were sand are collected.Look for suitable place and place bamboo rod in that place.Take the basket and dive to the water and convalesce wer e sand available.Takes sand and fill in to the boat.Take down to the river bank and down load to the Lorries or places were sand selling.Sand mining quantities03. There are different between sand mining quantities and location and people are used for sand mining in place to place and it is generally.1 2 Volume of cub boat 6 men involued.1 or less Volume of cub small boat 4 men involved. near of the boats mining sand about 4 -6 cub of sand per day04. Considering Kalutara district there are 471 licensed sand mining places according to the GSMB. These places are in Kalutara, MIllaniya, Dodangoda, Madurawala, Bulathsinhala and Ingiriya. GA divisions.Sand mining places in Kalu River in Kalutara district05. These are the licensed sand mining places in Kalutara districtMillaniya 150Dodangoda 138Kalutara 061Madurawala 075Walalavita 040Palindanuwara 068Pandura 007Ingiriya 037Bulathsighala 07606. During year 2010 GSMB was carried out survey on volume of deposited sand in Kalu River. This was carried out two Engineers of GSMB Mr Rgive and Mr Janaka (Mining Engineers). According to there observation this was the resultQuantity of sand deposits in Kalu River in a year 120,000 CubQuantity that mining at kalu River 178,000 Cub07. According to there are results more than 78,000 Cub of sand adequately mining in Kalu River in yearly?Other livelihoods from depend on sand mining08. There are few people who depend on sand mining on Kalu River they are sand transporters, small hotels poor people who and supply sand buckets,Environmental Damage due to sand mining09. River sand is mined for used in the building industry. In a few location it can be even be beneficial by lowering the river bed and reducing flooding. Because of mining of Sand, River bed is lowering and it increases the volume of the water it can hold. Because of that during heavy rain this can be prevent form food. In 2003 food in Ratnapura is about 33 ft but in Tebuwana area it was only 15 ft.10. Current level of extraction in inappropriate location such as Millaniya, Aguruwathota, Tebuwana and Kalutara has however led to serious environmental impacts. Sand mining has damaged river banks deepened the river and increased costal erosion. Costal erosion arises because river sand replaces sand lost from the beach by reducing wave reaction.11. Because of the people near river bank are already lost there disfigurement to kalu river and they not allow to mind sand near there lands. From there social problem will occurred and some incident went up to lost of lives.12. Sand mining by lowering the river bed facilitates intrusion of sea water. Salt water intrusion up stream during the dry season long Kalu River in Kalutara district, intruding salt water enters irrigation system destroying vegetation. In addition, the water table can become saline and affected wells.13. In dry season people living in this are facing anther problem lowering of water level in there wells. Because of sand mining Kalu Rive r bed lowering in dry season level of water also lower then years a go. Some places people are facing in difficulty to get water for there day today requirement.14. The biggest environment issue in Kalu River is river bank erosion. Because of sand mining activities, river bed was deepened. This will create seismal river bank. The bank collapsed in to the river. This happen most of the places in Kalu River, this cant be stopped by fixing bamboo trees after flood bamboo trees also collapsed in to the river because of it grow are insufficient to take the strength.15. The damage to the National infrastructure such as road net work and bridges are prominent in Kalu River. Due to collapse of river bank total loss of national infrastructure due to sand mining has never been comprehensively assessed. An estimate of replacement of imperil bridge would cost millions. In Kalu river between Tebuwana and Narthupana there are three endanger bridges. In one place contraction of damaged road w as presently going on according to there view this damage cost mare than 10 Million.16. Indiscriminate river sand mining in Kalu River has caused anther environmental problems deterioration of river water quality used for drinking and bathing because of mixing of sea water. Sand mining is continuing at an alarming rate as miners and other beneficiaries still appreciate the private profitability at the expense of long-termResearch done by Open University biology student Mr Chirath Bratha regarding animal and plant volume in a sand mining place and non sand mining place and other details are as follows.The research was done for 1000 ml of waterSand mining placeNon sand mining placeWater290 ml100 mlFind sand260 ml250 mlCore sand260 ml200 mlGravel190 ml180 mlOther partials270 mlSpeciesSand mining placeNon sand mining placePuntiours Nigrofaciatus (Bulath hapaya )03Puntious titteya (Le tittaya)0210Puntious Cumigii(Pottaya)0103Darra Ceylonensis (Patirana salaya)08Danio pathirama (cheep)01O ryzias Melastigma (Hada tittaya)0208Horadania Atokorali (Hora Dandiya)0107This was done by duration one hourFeather he measured Oxysigen percentages in these two places, were sand mining and not mining places.Percentage of type O Places of Sand minims activities took placed for 100 ml 21 mgPercentage of Oxygen places were sand not mining placed .81 mgCHAPTER 5ANALYSIS01. According to the dates from and mining places, they will mine sand on about six-spot month per year but according to the people living in this are it was Eight to Nine months. This is an indication of sand mining owners are mining sand excessively.02. The data will be analyzed using simple descriptive statistics to get a general picture to generate realistic implications.

Jewish worship, prayer, and instruction

Jewish holiness, prayer, and instructionClass LecturesName and discuss three elements of Jewish reverence practice that have influenced deliverymanian idolisation. prime(prenominal) of all, Jewish idolisation, prayer, and instruction was opened the service with praise. They praised God to honor Him. The first record of praise was the Moses and Miriams Praise when they crossed the Red Sea. Miriams praise was dancing and playing the tambourine.Second element is speaking of prayer. Jewish people expressed Gods love, and prayed for Gods blessing for their needs.Final element is instruction. The instruction emphasize the Scripture Reading. The congregation read the Laws and the Prophets and the account book lessons were stated in the vernacular language.List four of the festivals celebrated by Israel in the Old Testament along with their corresponding observance in the perform Year.Sukkoth- The fertilise of Tabernacles. This was celebrated within the months of September / Octobe r and is comparable with Thanksgiving.Hanukkah-The Festival of Lights. It is celebrated in December and often falls close to Christmas. Hanukkah and Christmas sh atomic number 18 other similarities such(prenominal) as gift giving.Passover-Remembrance of the Israelites deliverance out of Egypt. It usually happens in March/ April and is closely tied to Easter. The Lords Supper was a Passover meal.Pentecost-The Jewish jubilance 50 days afterwardwards Passover. It occurs in May or June. The first Christian Pentecost took place on this Jewish holiday. What is the church service service Year? Discuss in detail the study exultations of the Church Year.The Church Year is an official set of worship services and observances outlining the earthly life and minis exploit of Jesus. It is figure outoutd to teach church history and doctrine and serves as a reminder of these elements.Concerning the tradition of the Western church, Hustad remarks that the year tidy sum be broken into dick ens parts the Life of Christ and The Christian Life, which the church would refer to as the Proper of the Mass and the Ordinary of the Mass, respectively. The life of Christ is remembered from Advent through Easter. Pentecost would then be the beginning of The Christian Life, with the emphasis on the ministries and missions of the church.Advent. Hustad lists this as the set out of the Western Liturgical Year. The Advent Season begins four Sundays former to Christmas. On the surface, it looks to commemorate the events leading to the family of Christ, but it also foc social occasions on all of Christs reign, two past, present and future.Christmas. Christmas was introduced into the liturgy of the Roman church sometime during the Fourth Century. The date of December 25th was the last day of a pagan Roman celebration known as Saturnalia. As some pagans had been converted and brought into the church, the church claimed the date as being Jesus birth to Christianize the feast. In reali ty, Jesus birth is more(prenominal) bidly to have occurred in early spring. The choice of December 25th also puts the celebration of Christmas in relation to the Jewish celebration of the Feast of Light, Hanukkah.Epiphany. This begins January 6th and continues until change Wednesday. The term comes from Greek, substance appearance and commemorates the beginning of Jesus earthly ministry, as well as the arrival of the wise men to Bethlehem. Ash Wednesday. This is the beginning of the season of Lent, forty days prior to Easter. It is a call to repentance, remembering the sackcloth and ashes rejoinder of the Old Testament.Lent. The season covers forty days prior to prior Easter. It is a time of repentance and remembrance of Jesus forty days of temptation in the wilderness and prep bes the hearts of believers for the events of Holy Week.Holy Week. These are the well-nigh detailed days of the life of Jesus in all of the Gospels. Including the events of Palm Sunday, the week is a re minder of the final days of Jesus earthly ministry. During this week, among many other things, Jesus institutes the Lords Supper, prays and is betrayed in the Garden of Gethsemane, is brought before Pilate and led to Golgotha for His crucifixion and then burial.Easter. This is the keyst oneness day of all history. Hustad remarks that Easter is often referred to as the Christian Passover. It parallels the Jewish Passover celebration and is the focal point of Christianity. Paul reminds believers of the importance of the Resurrection in 1 Corinthians 1514, And if Christ is non risen, then our preaching is modify and your corporate trust is also empty. Pentecost. This is so-named from the Jewish festival of First Fruits, which occurs fifty days after Passover. It is the birthday of the church, the day of the coming of the Holy Spirit.List the three major reformers of the 16th Century and summarize the ism of church medicine of each one. Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of each reformers philosophy of church melody.Luther, Cranmer, and Calvin were the three major reformers of the 16th century. Luther who loves the use of medication in worship is one of important figure in the Reformation. He endureed the doctrine of believer-priesthood. He also translated Bible language into German, so congregation could understand more closely Bible. He utilize symphony to represent Gods Word. There are three aspects which are liturgical, biblical, and educational approach in his philosophy of church medical specialty. He used respective(a) medicinal drug styles in the church and from Gregorian chants to secular tune were used for medical specialty.Strengths of medication can be effectuate in Lutheran worship. The unison led congregation to participate in worship. The congregation could experience various style of music from the senile one such as Gregorian chant to the new songs unruffled by their 5 own languages. People could know through music about the Gods name and His instruction. The weakness of music in Lutheran worship is limitation of the use of organ, so people used their voice to sing hymns without accompaniment. One the other hand, Calvins philosophy of church music is to focus unless on Gods Word. Therefore, the glory of God can be expressed by Gods Word. He who emphasized on barely Bible thought music is harmful in worship. In other words, his opinion was that people in worship can be distracted by music. As a result, he limited the use of music in worship completely. He focused on the Word of God, so only psalm can be sung in worship in his time, not hymns. The people only could praise God with Gods Word in worship. As they could not use the melodious instruments, so worship was very dry in the church. Cranmer who was an important figure in English liturgy accepted a Protestant style than Roman style into English liturgy. He wanted to have congregational singing in worship. Calvin influenced on the music in Cranmer s time about speaking of music. Therefore, people could sing Calvinistic metrical and add to sing psalms, anthems, and canticles with Book of Common Prayer in worship. Therefore, the Calvinistic influence on the music in Cranmers time made similarity to strengths and weakness of Calvins philosophy of church music.Discuss the role of music in worship, nurture, and outreach. What types or styles of music are approximately suitable for each? Why?God is the center of the triangle, he is the focus of the worship, worldliness and outreach adore Ministry always begins with God His glory and satisfaction primary. Music of worship should emphasize the Trinity, salvation. Worship is needed for the sake of feeding of His Word, encouraging brothers and sisters in Christ, and forgiveness of our sins.Nurture Ministry is demonstrated within the community of faith with the love and edification of Gods people-brotherly love and mutual benefit. Music of edification is an incredible tool in teachi ng and in bringing people together. This brings fellowship. Rocks polish each other. Church is like a tumbler and rocks bump into each other and get refined bad rocks becomes powder, good rocks become more glistening. If you deny church, you forfeit the chance of refining. abradant Word of God refines. That is the reason that the law of church is love and forgiveness. Paul mentions togetherness and community (Rom. 121-2) and this is the essence of church. It includes ass aspects of education, discipleship, teaching doctrine, even the counterpart of the doctrine.Outreach Ministry continues by impacting the unbelieving world with the witness of the Gospel and everyones need to know Christ in a personal way. Music of evangelism is not the equal as music of worship or edification. The center here is the Gospel you need to be born-again to meet Jesus. It should be the music of culture that you are going to reach. The deliver people will bring music of worship to God.Discuss ways that music can prepare a church for evangelism. Give examples of some precise activities that can help the church to evangelize the lost.To witness is to reach the full-page world to the vicinity. Non-verbal colloquy express more than verbal. Walking should proceed the talking. If life does not show one cannot be a witness or witness. People would not be converted by that witness moreover, it will disprove what were saying.evangelistic worship music should be two objective and subjective, expressing our awesome wonder and praise of God who is above and beyond our imagination and also our love of, and parley with, God in Jesus Christ who lives in us through the Holy Spirit.Jubilate II Church Music in Worship and rehabilitation by Donald HustadHow does Hustad define 1) elevated art church music, 2) traditional church music, 3) menage music, and 4) popular church music? Compare and contrast these styles and discuss the effectiveness usefulness of each in the life of the church. (59 -61)High art church music, which is also called as classical or serious music, represents the well (or best) identified liturgical music through history by recognized art critics who have the high knowledge about standard aestheticals in their academic/aesthetic community. High art church music is not for every soundbox but for very limited people who has abundant knowledge in aesthetics.Traditional church music is the liturgical music which is simple and easy in style and form but originated from high art music. The term can be also used for the music just for liturgy in church.Folk music means the music including a common understanding in a community and viva voce carried over in the community from generation to generation as its own way. The characteristics of folk music are simple and reflect the nature or a common and that there is a large population understanding the music.Popular church music is any music that most of community members can accept and has more affinity to se cular treasurement. This form of music usually disseminated through commercial media.The most distinguishing difference among the four types of music is who can understand the music. Obviously, the audiences levels are very different according to Hustads definitions, so that the way how people use their musical talent given to each individual and how they approach to the music would be very different.There are two things in common between high art church music and the traditional church music which are they pass the acid test and last long in history, and both were composed for worship. Traditional church music is, however, more accessible to people than high art church music since high art church music is more sophisticated. Presenting this attractive of sublime church music once in a plot of land, church lets the congregation experience solemnness and intuitive God through music. Music leaders can choose this kind of high art church music carefully for special occasions or the matic services such as Christmas. On the other hand, traditional church music can be sung more often. And this music connects the geriatric with the young and enables people to look back the history.Moving on to folk music, folk expressions are closely relate to the culture, so folk music can be more meaningful and attractive to each ethnic or culture group. There are two different things observed between traditional church music and folk music. First, traditional church music was composed for strictly liturgical purpose while folk music as a secular music but assimilateed by church and the new sacred text edition added to its tune. Secondly, traditional church music does not show specific national characteristics much while each folk music has its own color and often the composers are anonymous. However, both music genres can be used commonly in church since both were sung from generation to generation. Borrowed folk tunes can serve church as traditional church music.When it com es to contemporary popular church music, it is generally attractive to younger group people compared to traditional church music or folk music which are more appreciated by older generations. The contemporary church music is sung in many charismatic churches. Of course, traditional churches can use this type of church music. I believe it is the best way to serve church that church musicians select music carefully and place various types of music properly when worshiping to magnifying the glory of God.List and discuss the sins which best non-liturgical evangelicals in their use of music in worship. (65-66)The sin of pride.When we truly concentrate on music itself to give the best thing to God, we may make a serious mistake because our effort for music can turn into an activity to show our musical technique and talent rather than praise Him if we cannot clasp our heart focusing on God. We should focus on the glory of God with our best effort and try to avoid the temptation that my mu sic is better than others and worthy to be applauded. The quality of music plausible to our ears is not a matter to God. He is looking at our heart first so we should throw away the thought that my music is much better than others (my music will be accepted by God) and be humble. God says that He brings down the proud who have arrogance. If we fall into arrogance in our music ministry, God would never be pleased with our music and worship and even will not accept them.The sin of hedonism.Here, the hearing of the music becomes the issue rather than the glory of God. Instead of a heart being changed by hearing what God has prepared the pastor to speak, more attention is given to the en pleasancement of the music. The sin of spectatorism.The writer of Hebrews exhorts believers in Hebrews 1025 to not surrender the assembly of ourselves together, as is the manner of some, but exhorting one another, and so much the more as you see the Day approaching. It is apparent to this writer that b eing a Christian requires participation. Hustad points out that many in todays churches would rather be sung to than to sing for themselves. Very simply put, Christianity is not a spectator sport. The sin of sentimentalism.An old pair of shoes is much more consoleable than a new pair that has yet to be worn-in. It heeds then, that people would desire to remain in their comfort zones, not willing to be open to changes in music and worship. Enjoying what is familiar is not bad in itself, but as with all things, it must not become the focus or the issue. God must remain the focus, not our singing of favorite hymns.List and discuss the evangelical standards of church music suggested by Hustad. (68-69)It should express and communicate the church doctrine in text and music languages that are contextualized to the culture for which is intended.It should offer a worthy sacrifice of praise, for the individual and for the corporate body in worship experience. It should be their best perfor mance. It should be offered with love, humility, gratitude, and grace.It should express and enhance the best Christian theology of each particular culture, supporting all doctrines of that faith in proper balance.It should express and support all the activities related to the groups beliefs-worship, proclamation, education, pastoral care, and fellowship-with due consideration of musical needs of each.It should speak from the whole person to the whole person, carefully balancing the physical, intellectual, and emotional while avoiding sentimental.It should be genuinely creative, avoiding the out-of-date as well as too much sophistication.Communication in text and music language is very important. Sometimes, we say that the gospel is our confession of our heart to God. This is true. In a culture, there are lots of things we feel in the same way and we piece of land them in its own language. This often deeply touches others hearts so that church music becomes a very good method to sha re and proclaim the evangelism to believers and non-believers. Therefore, church music should be expressed in richly understandable way and communicable in a culture.Hustad also pointed out a worth sacrifice of praise. In the Old Testament, God wanted innocuous lambs for sacrifice. He wanted everything to be faultless. Church music is also a kind of sacrifice we give to God. In other words, our music should be the praise itself and intended for our devotional sacrifice to God. Evangelically, church music should include love, humility, gratitude, and grace with no arrogance. This idea might include the creativity of church music. Using our creativity endowed from God would be one thing to make our music faultless as a sacrifice.Culture might be an important ingredient in evangelical church music. As mentioned, music is another type of communication method in a culture. However, common components in a culture should be used in church music for more effective communication, so that th eological and evangelical components can have more power with the proper balance of common components to touch people hearts in a culture. In fact, the direct import of church music from the Western to Asian showed a large problem in understanding the evangelical message in music. This sermon includes the fundamental that church music always delivers the core of evangelism.Evangelical church music should express the Christian theology, as well as all activities piece in the Bible such as worship, proclamation, education, pastoral care, and fellowship. Many churches tend to show they are leaning toward certain specific aspects. If only one or two things are standing out, the balance would be broken, which means the church is not healthy.Compare and contrast the contributions of revivalist and formal evangelical churches to worship and church music. By what names are these traditions identified among Southern Baptists? (219-223)Revivalist and formal evangelical churches are categoriz ed by several distinct characteristic. Revivalist seemed to adopt more informal styles in worship so that it naturally pulled more concentration onto God. In the textbook, it says that it was directed toward heaven, not earth. The object was to praise God, not entertain people. Also, its style is ordered and stately. Revivalist had more dynamics in worship so Hustad described its characteristics as informality, noise, disorder, energetic, passionate, loud proclamation style, and charismatic variety of worship. Naturally, the worship was being highly emotional. This does not indicate that revivalist worship was human-oriented. Revivalist worship rather focused on horizontal praise of God, sp drill the work of the Holy Spirit in us to the congregations/friends/neighbors through themselves. There are two types of Baptists derived from revivalists Regular Baptist, the more-Calvinistic, i.e., Charleston church, and Separate Baptist, the more charismatic, i.e. Sandy Creek group.On the oth er hand, the formal evangelical churches are more rooted in history having more consistent themes in sermon, music, and prayer. They appreciate the liturgy, other formal elements found in historical churches besides the work of Holy Spirit while revivalists mainly focus on the work of Holy Spirit and redemption. Hustad pointed out the trend of the theological integrity for the formal evangelical churches, so that the churches had highly developed ritual. One of the typical formal evangelical churches is the Broadway Tabernacle Church (Methodist).However, the liturgical contents for both of the churches have the most common elements discussed by Hustad for example, sermon/preach, prayer, hymn, and benediction. Also, the influences from the both churches are currently being continued in our churches. Churches not only keep the formal evangelical style of worship but also expect the strong power of the Holy Spirit. Also, with the requiring elements by Hustad, current churches try to use a common language for the congregations to bring up the power of the Holy Spirit in church music.Briefly discuss the impact of the following on church music (204, 223-276)Pietist Movement in Germany.This was a movement born out of the Lutheran church in the late 1600s. The viewpoint was that the goal of worship and music was the edification of humanity. Pietists taught that music was for every person and should be kept very simple. George WhitefieldGeorge Whitefield was the Calvinistic Methodist who was associated with the Wesleys in England, and brought 18th-century revivalism to the colonies. He was influenced by the Anglican tradition so that hymns began to be sung widely, especially those of Isaac Watts, and strict psalm singing was broken in England.Camp meetingsCamp meeting were outdoor gatherings without regard to the gender, denominations and races. People mixed, socialise and worship together so simple so music showed a tendency to be simple. As black slaves brought th eir musical heritage, Spiritual became popular. Songs were not only simple, but also frequently improvised, and very repetitive. In the improvised manner, some words were changed with each re orison. Camp meetings music helped church music to get more freedom in terms of the form.Lowell MasonHe was a prominent figure in public school music education in the middle 1800s and assisted in developing the first public school music programs in the United States, around the Boston and New York City areas. His teaching emphasized the use of standard notation (referred to by Mason as scientific music), rather than the shape notes used in the frontier areas of the 1800s. He also composed and arranged many hymns, of which 13 are included in the 1991 Edition of The Baptist Hymnal. Among those he composed are BETHANY (Nearer, My God to Thee), OLIVET (My Faith looks up to Thee) and HAMBURG (When I contemplate the Wondrous Cross). Gospel Songs.This style of music was so-named by Philip Phillips a nd was patterned after the music heard in the camp meetings. They could also be known as experience hymns or hymns of witness and testimony. Names such as Fanny Crosby, William Bradbury, B.B. McKinney and Phoebe Palmer Knapp are now synonymous with Gospel Songs.Radio and television.According to Hustad, radio receiver and television contributed to the passive culture of recreation in our culture. This change would also encourage the lack of participation in church life. Now distant from the church, the music broadcast over the air would need to encompass a broad spectrum of music styles and tastes. The celebration era.This time begins in the 1960s and is characterized by an emphasis on celebration in worship and places high value on ones experience. Hustad refers to this as The New Pietism and even The New Worship Hedonism, the latter with an emphasis on having an enjoyable experience.List and briefly discuss Hustads twelve suggestions for worship renewal today. (308-312)Study worshi p thoroughly its scriptural basis, theology, history, psychology, in a full divine revelation of God and a full human response.Regular worship should contain all the elements in the New Testament churches scripture reading, preaching, prayers, acts of dedication, and musical expressions.Worship should use as much language of scripture as possible worship words should be chosen, so that it may speak to all age groups in the congregation, to the typical cultural levels represented, revision of old sermons, simplifying language for declining literacy. Completely secularized worship language is not healthy.Worship should conform to the basals of historic liturgy basic historical worship outlines are the products of the accumulated wisdom of almost 2,000 years during which the Holy Spirit has been present and working in the church. One of the requirements of liturgical worship is congregational action. Worship is the work of the people, this is the most important. Worshipers should be i nvolved in as much speaking, singing, and bodily action as possible.In making changes, dont follow the madding crowd unless you are convinced they are following the Holy Spirit Follow your tradition based on your own theology.Be sure that the joy of the Lord shows in your worship, is modeled by the service leaders, and is evident in the congregation the unbelievers come to church, not primarily to investigate the claims of Christ, but to investigate the Christ in us.Add ample right-brain language in emotive-intuitive symbolism, not for fun or for aesthetics, but for truths sake Ever-present danger of idolatry-the worship of self or of cultural icons in the place of God. it is important to keep old ones, like hymnal-the repository of the churchs memory, preserving the heritage of its greatest singers and important hymn literature.In music, sing as wide a spectrum of song as did the first-century church with musical styles that will meet the expectations of todays congregationNew wors hip choruses (high emotional experience and release) Taize minimalist music (cognitive and emotional expression)Older gospel songs Contemporary ballads (experience of Christ)Psalms settings (full language of prayer)Classic hymns (identity with the historic church and doctrine, the perpetuity of Gods covenants, and the continuity of the Holy Spirits indwelling of Gods people)Worship changes should aim to unite a congregation, not divide it worship must include a full range of emotions, including penitence and sober reflection, the spirit of celebration based on thanksgiving should be predominant.Teach the significance of each worship experience in the context of regular services teach the meaning of worship words.Protect music education in the church, because Christians are stewards of God-given talents God expects the talents to be returned to him by giving glory.Be sure that worship is finally incarnational, in that men and women become more perfectly human as Jesus Christ was perf ectly human as a result of their encounter with God, in the name of Christ, through the power of the Holy Spirit.Outline and discuss the elements of the Genevan Order of Worship (Isaiah 6). (330-338)Preparation for worship- instrumental prelude is a curtain which we draw to closed(a) out lifes busting distractions so that we may sense the presence of the numinous, powerful, loving God. But this does not function since folks tend to talk over the music. Informal music may be directed by a songleader and may be interspersed with personal witnessing, and this may conclude with a time of greeting one another. The pastor may say Now let us worship God as a call to worship.Confession, Forgiveness- The call to confession may be preceded by reading or paraphrasing 1 John 19. The call could be Let us admit our sin before God, first in a verse of a hymn and then in our united confession. An assurance of forgiveness is an announcement that, if we confess, God forgives our sins, as he has pro mised to do.God Speaks Scripture reading are given to keep both ancient and modern practice (Old and New Testaments), psalm is followed after to be response to the reading. In many congregations it is prevalent to close a scripture reading with the phrase This is the Word of the Lord and the peoples response Thanks be to God. a gospel reading would be followed with This is the gospel of the Lord and the response, Praise be to you, O Christ. the virtue of Geneva order is that scripture reading is followed closely by its interpretation in the sermon without a lot of intervening numbers. However, it is considered appropriate to follow any scripture with the Gloria Patri, with a canticle, or with a psalm, hymn, or anthem. It is appropriate for the minister to follow Calvins example by prefacing the homily with a Prayer of illumination.We Respond- the response hymn in this instance is a parallel to the opening hymn, in keeping with the sermon emphasis, the first speaks of transcendent God, second speaks of the immanent Jesus Christ as a friend. It is also appropriate as an invitation to Christian decision. Offering is placed after the sermon and response hymn, one way of saying Amen to Gods will expressed in his word, read and preached. This is based on a song of praise to Christ for his incarnation and self-emptying, or any other text of adoration. Another type is the reciting of a doctrinal confession, we stand to state our belief. The preferred form is the short Apostles Creed.We Pray- prayer is placed after the hearing of and responding to, the Word of God. It is because God called the meeting to order to reveal himself, his actions and his will. It is good etiquette to hear God out and to offer a full affirmative response. And it is a moving experience for believers to pray together as the closing act of a community at worship. These could be bidding prayers that leader calls for silent, personal petition for church, for ministers, and Christian workers arou nd the world, for peace and justice among nations, and for the sick and bereaved persons.We Celebrate Communion- The prayer should contain both bread and drink part of Jesus command. In recent years, many churches added central memorial acclamation after the statement of remembrance Christ had died Christ had risen Christ will come again.The shut down of Worship- Hymn is sung proclaiming the Cross, because it is only through Christs death on the cross that we may know God, both transcendent and immanent. The instrumental postlude is generally exuberant in tone, reflecting thanksgiving for the opportunity of worship and the movement of the congregation into the week of continuing worship, witness, and service.List and discuss the emphases of evangelistic

Loss of Innocence in To Kill a Mockingbird :: Free Essay Writer

Loss of Innocence in To Kill a Mockingbird Maycomb was an old town, but it was a fatigue old town when I original knew it. In rainy weather the streets turned to red slop grass grew on the sidewalks, the courthouse sagged in the square.(Lee 9). This environment, as finder Finch accurately describes, is not conducive to young children, loud noises, and games. But, the Finch children and Dill must occupy themselves in order to avoid boredom. Their surroundings are their boundaries, but in their minds, they have no physical confines. Although the physical boundaries were Mrs. Henry Lafayette Duboses house two doors to the north..., and the Radley Place three doors to the south,(Lee 11) Jem, Scout, and Dill find ways to use the limits, in corporation with their imaginations, to amuse themselves. The children are the ones who change the old town and make it full of unexpected events. In the same way as the children, the adults of the novel play games that start from their imaginatio ns and, they themselves are the ones who provide the fear for everyone in the county to fear. Maycomb County had recently been told that it had nothing to fear but fear itself(10). The adults and the children share the fact that they both play games, but a difference also exists between them. The children enact their entertainment, knowing that the games could get violent, but in the end, when the games are over, all the players are able to return home. On the otherwise hand, the adults play their adult games, hurting anyone who does not play by the given rules, and not everyone is fortunate enough to return home. The children pretend to be violent at times but the adults actually are violent. As the children move done the novel, they use these games to develop from their innocence to a level of experience by actualizing the realities of their games through the lives of the adults. Through their own games and through the games of the adults, the children learn values of respect, c ourage, and understanding. As most children naturally do, Jem, Scout, and their newly-found friend Dill find amusements to make the days pass with excitement. When they first meet Dill, they are beginning the days play in the backyard(11). The implication is that it becomes routine for them to play and that each day brings on a different experience.

Shakespeares Hamlet - Observations of Madness Essay -- Madness and I

Hamlet Observations of Madness One of the most analyzed plays in existence is the tragedy Hamlet, with its recurring question Is Hamlets antic tendency feigned or real? In truth, this question can only be answered by observing the thoughts of the main characters in relation to the cause of Hamlet real or feigned madness. In the tragedy Hamlet, each of the main characters explains Hamlets madness in their own unique way. To discover the cause behind the madness of Hamlet, each character used their own ambitions, emotions and interpretations of past events. Characters tried to explain Hamlets antic disposition by means of association to thwarted ambition, heartbreaking anguish, and denied love. In the workings of their thoughts, the characters inadvertently reveal something about their own desires, emotions and experiences to the reader. The thoughts of Guildenstern and Rosencrantz present the reader with star come-at-able factor for the cause of Hamlets suppo sed madness. The two men believe that the cause for Hamlets madness is his lack of advancement or thwarted ambition. In a conversation with Hamlet in Act II scene II, Guildenstern and Rosencrantz come upon this idea Hamlet Denmarks a prison. Rosencrantz Then is the world one. Hamlet A goodly one in which there are many confines, wards and dungeons, Denmark being one o the worst. Rosencrantz We think not so, my lord. Hamlet Why, then, tis none to you for there is nothing either good or bad, but thinking makes it so to me it is a prison. When the heir apparent calls his heritage a prison, something must be seriously wrong, and it is not difficult for th... ...rman N. Holland, Sidney Homan and Bernard J. Paris. Berkeley and Los Angeles University of California Press, 175-190. Leverenz, David. 1980. The cleaning lady in Hamlet An Interpersonal View. In Representing Shakespeare New Psychoanalytic Essays, edited by Coppelia Kahn and Murray M. Schwarz. Baltimore and London The Johns Hopkins Press, 110-128. Levin, Richard. 1990. The Poetics and Politics of Bardicide. PMLA 105 491-504. Vickers, Brian. 1993. Appropriating Shakespeare Contemporary Critical Quarrels. New harbour and London Yale University Press. Watson, Robert N. 1990. Giving up the Ghost in a World of Decay Hamlet, Revenge and Denial. Renaissance Drama 21199-223. Wright, George T. 1981. Hendiadys and Hamlet. PMLA 96168-193. Shakespeare, William. The Tradegy of Hamlet Prince of Denmark. New York working capital Square Press, 1992